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Cycad phylogeny predicts host plant use of Eumaeus butterflies
Journal Article
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Sierra-Botero L, Calonje M, Robbins RK, Rosser N, Pierce NE, LĂłpez-Gallego C, Valencia-Montoya WA. 2023. Cycad phylogeny predicts host plant use of Eumaeus butterflies. Ecol. Evol. 13
(4): .
https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9978.
Abstract
Eumaeus butterflies are obligate herbivores of Zamia, the most diverse neotropical genus of cycads. EumaeusâZamia interactions have been characterized mainly for species distributed in North and Central America. However, larval host plant use by the southern Eumaeus clade remains largely unknown, precluding a comprehensive study of coâevolution between the genera. Here, we combine fieldwork with museum and literature surveys to expand herbivory records for Eumaeus from 21 to 38 Zamia species. We inferred a timeâcalibrated phylogeny of Eumaeus to test for distinct macroevolutionary scenarios of larval host plant conservatism and coâevolution. We found a remarkable coincidence between Eumaeus and Zamia diversification, with the butterfly stem group diverging at the same time as the most recent radiation of Zamia in the Miocene. Cophylogenetic reconciliation analyses show a strong cophylogenetic signal between cycads and their butterfly herbivores. Bipartite modelâbased approaches indicate that this is because closely related Zamia species are used by the same Eumaeus species, suggesting larval host plant resource tracking by the butterfly herbivores. Our results highlight a case of tight evolution between Eumaeus butterflies and cycads, pointing to the generality of correlated evolution and phylogenetic tracking in plantâherbivore interactions across seed plants.
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